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AIDS 2014: Harm Reduction Funding Is Meeting Only 7% of Global Need

International donors are investing only 7% of what is needed to provide adequate harm reduction coverage for people who inject drugs, according to findings from a report presented this week at the 20th International AIDS Conference in Melbourne. A global commitment to re-balance spending on drug control and harm reduction is essential in order to achieve control of HIV and viral hepatitis among drug injectors, several speakers told the conference.

[Produced in collaboration with Aidsmap]

Global Drug Commissioner Sir Richard Branson, who joined the conference by video link, said the global war on drugs had failed both in terms of controlling drug trafficking and consumption and with regard to public health outcomes, particularly in relation to HIV and hepatitis C. He said that the time has come to replace criminalization and punishment of drug users with treatment and health care. 

"Drug policy reform should not be seen in isolation," Branson said. "It has the potential to affect change in other areas such as the world's chronically overcrowded penal system or of reducing the negative impact of policing on some communities."

"Globally, we're using too much money and far too many precious resources on incarceration when we should be spending this money on education, vocational training, and in the case of drug users, on treatment, proper medical care and re-entry," he continued.

The survey of harm reduction funding, carried out by Harm Reduction International, the International Drug Policy Consortium, and the International HIV/AIDS Alliance, found that donor governments and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria invested $160 million in harm reduction programming in 2010, with little sign of subsequent growth. UNAIDS estimates that it would cost $2.3 billion per year to provide adequate coverage of harm reduction measures.

The core harm reduction measures include not only needle and syringe programs, opioid substitution therapy, and targeted education and outreach, but also HIV testing and counseling, antiretroviral therapy, condom programs and prevention, and diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted infections, viral hepatitis, and tuberculosis.

Presenting the findings, Susie McLean of the International HIV/AIDS Alliance told conference delegates that existing coverage is extremely low. On average, just 2 clean needles and syringes were distributed to each person who injects drugs each month in 2010, and only 8% of people who inject drugs had access to opioid substitution therapy. In 71 countries, needle and syringe programs are not available despite reported injection drug use, and 81 countries with reported drug use do not provide opioid substitution therapy.

Since these estimates of coverage were developed in 2010, there has been little progress on the expansion of harm reduction, and the survey found some evidence of a retreat by donors from funding harm reduction -- part of a wider move away from funding health and development activities in middle-income countries. This is despite the fact that among the 15 countries considered the highest priority for tackling HIV in people who inject drugs, 84% of drug injectors reside in upper middle-income countries such as China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Iran, and Thailand.

Several major donors have taken actions that are cutting off access to harm reduction funding in practice, even though donors endorse harm reduction expenditure as a good investment in HIV prevention. The Global Fund recommends investment in evidence-based harm reduction measures, but its new funding model has shifted resources away from middle-income countries with the highest need for harm reduction programming.

Thailand allocated just 1% of its total HIV prevention budget to harm reduction in 2010, highlighting the need for donor investment. A similar pattern is evident across almost all Asian countries with a high burden of HIV among people who inject drugs. Of the 58 countries previously eligible for harm reduction funding, 24 are now ineligible for further support. The United Kingdom government is also retreating from harm reduction funding and will give no direct support to harm reduction programming after 2016.

Despite a legislative ban on funding for needle and syringe programs, the U.S. PEPFAR program spent approximately $27.7 million on harm reduction in 2011. However, this represented only 2% of PEPFAR funding in the countries where support was provided. In Vietnam for example, harm reduction programming represented only 11% of expenditure despite the predominance of injecting drug use as a mode of HIV transmission in that country's epidemic.

McLean said that in order to fund harm reduction adequately, the Global Fund needs to remain a truly global fund. Its funding model should be reframed to take into account national policy barriers to implementation of evidence-based measures, as well as political will to pay for harm reduction. Similarly, international donors should continue to invest where national governments will not, using their influence to steer national funding policies towards a more equitable distribution of HIV prevention funding. National governments also need to tackle the stigma associated with drug use in order to allow a more rational debate about harm reduction spending.

Most importantly, the international community needs to ask hard questions about the cost effectiveness of drug control policies. Drug enforcement spending on prisons, policing, courts, and probation has been estimated to cost around $100 billion. Even if this represents a substantial over-estimate, there is a grave mismatch between drug control spending and harm reduction spending, despite the fact that each form of spending is argued to achieve the same end --minimizing the harm caused by drug use.

McLean called for international donors to set a global target for harm reduction funding, reminding the audience that ahead of the UNGASS 2016 summit on drugs, advocates are calling for harm reduction funding to be scaled up to reach one-tenth of the amount spent on drug control. 

7/23/14

References

C Cook, J Bridge, and S McLean. Is harm reduction funding in low and middle income countries in crisis?20th International AIDS Conference (AIDS 2014). Melbourne, July 20-25, 2014. Abstract WEAE0201.

C Cook, J Bridge, S McLean, et al. The funding crisis for harm reduction. Harm Reduction International. July 2014.